Duk da zanga-zangar adawa kan kasancewar sojojin Faransa a fadin Afirka wanda yawanci ke da nasaba da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da tsaro a shekaru da dama, har yanzu ƙasashe da dama suna maraba da sojin Faransa a nahiyar.

A wani bangare na hadin gwiwar soji da wasu kasashen da a da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, wadanda a yanzu sun samu ‘yancin kai, Faransa ta samu damar samun sansanonin sojojinta da dama a Afirka tare da jami’an tsaro a cikin shirin ko ta kwana.

Yayin da Nijar, daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka na karshe da suka fuskanci juyin mulkin soja, na ci gaba da tattaunawa kan shirin janye sojojin Faransa daga cikin kasar cikin gaggawa, sojojin har yanzu suna Nijar din suna fafutukar yaki da ta’addanci.

Mene ne zai bayyana wannan kasancewar sojojin Faransa a tsoffin yankunan da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka?

Asalin kasancewar sansanonin sojojin Faransa a Afirka

Tony Chafer, Farfesa na Nazarin Afirka da Faransanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Turai da Nazarin Duniya a Jami’ar Portsmouth ta Burtaniya, ya ba da taƙaitaccen tarihin kasancewar sojojin Faransa a Afirka in da ya ce,

“Faransa ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin hadin gwiwa na al’adu da fasaha da haɗin kan soji da tsaro tare da mafi yawan tsoffin kasashen da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a lokacin samun ‘yancin kai a 1960,” in ji shi.

“Bugu da kari, an aika da masu ba da shawara kan harkokin soji zuwa Afirka don yin aiki tare da sabbin gwamnatocin da suka samu ‘yancin cin gashin kansu. Yarjejeniyar tsaro ta bayyana tsarin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a Afirka a lokacin bayan mulkin mallaka,” Chafer ya ce.

“Tare da jerin yarjeniyoyi na tsaro da taimakon soji da aka rattaba hannu a kan tsoffin kasashen da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da kuma sojoji 10,000 da ke jibge ko kuma shiga ayyukan soji a yankunan da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a shekarun farko bayan samun ‘yancin kai, Faransa ta dauki matakin soji a kalla sau 30 a nahiyar tsakanin shekarun 1964 da 1995”, in ji Farfesa Chafer.

A cewar Chafer, Faransa ta kuma “bi tsarin musanya, maimakon haɗin gwiwa, tare da sojojin Afirka a cikin tasirinta na bayan mulkin mallaka.

To amma a waɗanne ƙasashen Afirka ne waɗannan sansanonin sojojin Faransa suke, kuma me ya sa suke can?

A waɗanne ƙasashen Afirka sansanonin sojin Faransa suke?

Tare da dakaru kusan 10,000 da ke yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, Faransa na da sansanonin soji a Djibouti da Ivory Coast da Senegal da Gabon da Chadi da kuma Nijar.

Djibouti:

Dakarun Faransa da ke Jibuti na ƙasar tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Tare da sojoji kusan 1,500, suna wakiltar rukunin sojojin Faransa mafi girma a Afirka. A karkashin wata yarjejeniya ta wucin gadi da aka kulla a watan Yunin 1977, sabuwar yarjejeniyar tsaro, wacce ta fara aiki a shekarar 2014, ta amince da zaman sojojin a Jibuti.

Ivory Coast:

A shekara ta 2012, kusanci mai cike da tarihi tsakanin Faransa da Ivory Coast ya sa suka ƙulla yarjejeniyar kawancen tsaro tsakanin kasashen biyu. Wannan shi ne yadda a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, aka sanya sojojin Faransa a Cote d’Ivoire don zama ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin ci gaba a Afirka.

Bayan kawo karshen yarjejeniyar a ranar 26 ga Janairun 2015, tare da akalla sojoji 950 a wurin, sojojin Faransa a Cote d’Ivoire sun zama dakarun da ke tabbatar da aikin ba da agaji a wannan yanki da aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan dabarun yaƙi na Faransa, bisa ga farar takarda na 2013 kan tsaro da tsaron kasa.

Gabon:

An tura dakarun Faransa zuwa ƙasar Gabon tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, bisa ga yarjejeniyar tsaro na watan Agustan wannan shekarar.

Sojojin Faransa a Gabon sun kasance a ranar 1 ga Satumban 2014 wasu kadarorin Faransa a Gabon, tare da kusan sojoji 350, da Dakar a Senegal, sun zama cibiyar haɗin gwiwar aiki ta biyu (POC).

A cewar shafin intanet ta ma’aikatar tsaron Faransa, kadarorin Faransa da ke Gabon (the French elements in Gabon) sun haɗa da wani kwamanda echelon, wani yanki na kasa (Bataliya ta 6 na Marine Infantry dake sansanin Charles De Gaulle a Libreville da kuma wani rukunin jiragen sama dake a Guy Pidoux tashar jirgin sama.

Senegal:

Tare da kusan sojoji 400, kadarorin Faransanci na Senegal (French elements of Senegal, EFS), sun kasance tun 2011, suna ba da horo ga sojoji daga ƙasashen yankin. An kafa sansanin Kanar Frédéric Geille a Ouakam da kuma sansanin Rear Admiral Protet a tashar jiragen ruwa na soja a Dakar, sassan Faransa na Senegal suna da tashar jiragen sama a filin jirgin saman Léopold Sédar Senghor a Dakar.

Har ila yau, EFS na da babban tashar sadarwa daga Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Sadarwa da Tsarin Bayanai (DIRISI) da ke Rufisque.

Chadi:

Kadarorin Faransa a Chadi (The French elements in Chad EFT), kusan sojoji dubu, suna da manufar tabbatar da kare muradun Faransa da ‘yan kasarta da ke zaune a kasar.

Har ila yau, suna ba da tallafin kayan aiki da bayanan sirri ga sojojin kasar Chadi, bisa yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da kasashen biyu suka kulla.

A cikin shekarar 2013, tsarin Épervier yana da kusan sojoji 950 da aka sanya wa manyan sansanoni biyu, sansanin jirgin sama na 172 a Ndjamena da sansanin Captain Croci a Abéché, a gabashin Chadi.

A Faya da ke arewacin kasar, an ware wasu sojoji kusan hamsin. A cikin 2014, Operation Barkhane a hukumance ya maye gurbin Operations Épervier da Serval don tallafawa abokan hulɗar ƙasashen Sahel.

Nijar:

Faransa dai tana da sojoji tsakanin 1,300 zuwa 1,500 a Nijar, da jiragen yaƙi da jirage marasa matuka.

An jibge sojojin zuwa sansanoni uku a Yamai, babban birnin kasar da Ouallam da ke arewacin babban birnin kasar da kuma Ayoru, zuwa kan iyakar kasar da Mali.

Sansanin da ke Niamey tushe ne na wucin gadi wanda yake a filin jirgin sama na Hamani Diori.

Yana aiki a matsayin sansanin tashi na jiragen sama marasa matuƙa waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan leƙen asiri da bincike a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Barkhane a Sahel.

Amma bayan juyin mulkin soji a ƙasar, Nijar bayan Mali da Burkina Faso, ta yi shawarwarin ficewar sojojin Faransa daga yankinta.

Mece ce manufar sojin Faransa da aka tura Afirka?

“Gaskiya ne cewa a farkon samun ‘yancin kai, sojojin Faransa sun kasance ne a Afirika don ci gaba da kiyaye zaman lafiya da dorewar wasu gwamnatoci,” in ji Dr Bakary Sambe, darektan Cibiyar Timbuktu.

Amma a yau a Gabon, “babban aikin EFG (Farance Elements in Gabon) shi ne kammala horar da sojoji daga kasashen abokantaka na ECCAS (Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya) a cikin yanayin su kafin shiga cikin ayyukan ciki ko waje.”.

Suna kuma ba da umarni don karfafa karfin sojojin kasashen kawance, musamman a fagen yaki da kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda da kula da iyakokin kasa da hanyoyin ruwa da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya (PKO) da shirye-shiryen aiki da dabara da sauransu kamar yadda majiyoyi suka shaida.

A Afirka, hadin gwiwar sojojin Faransa na taka rawa wajen karfafa ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya, musamman ta hanyar shirin RECAMP. Wannan shirin na da nufin tabbatar da cewa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) da al’ummomin yankunan da ke karkashinta sun samu horon da suka dace da kuma shirye-shiryen tura dakaru da ake kira African Standby Force (FAA).

A Senegal, rundunar sojan Faransa tare da hadin gwiwar tawagar diflomasiyya ta Faransa, tana aiki kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da gudanar da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Wadannan ayyuka sun hada da bayar da umarni da horo a fannin da ke da alhakin da ya shafi kasashen ECOWAS 15 da Mauritania.

Ana kallon kasancewar sojojin Faransa a yankin Sahel da yammacin Afirka a matsayin wani abu na alakar tarihi tsakanin Faransa da kasashen da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.

Dokta Bakary Sambe, Daraktan Cibiyar Timbuktu da ke Dakar, ya yi nuni da cewa, wannan kasancewar ya yi daidai da tasirin tarihi na Faransa a Afirka, wanda ke samun goyon bayan dangantakar diflomasiyya da kudin CFA, da kasancewar sojoji.

Wannan kasancewar sojan ya baiwa Faransa damar tallafawa gwamnatocin abokantaka, da kare muradunta, da kuma mayar da martani cikin gaggawa ga rikice-rikice.

Bugu da kari, Bruno Charbonneau, farfesa a Kwalejin Soja ta Royal Saint-Jean kuma darektan Cibiyar FrancoPaix, ya jaddada cewa kasancewar sojojin Faransa a Afirka ya sanya ta a cibiyar magance rikice-rikice da hanyoyin gudanarwa, musamman a tsakanin kasashen Afirka da ke magana da Faransanci a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Me ya sa Faransa ke son ci gaba da iko da ƙasashen da ta mallaka?

Farfesa Tony Chafer na Jami’ar Portsmouth da ke Burtaniya ya bayyana mahimmancin Afirka ga Faransa da kuma yadda take shiga nahiyar. Ya ce;

“Alakar tarihi ta Faransa da Afirka, wadda ta samo asali daga daular mulkin mallaka, ita ce ke siffanta dangantakarsu a yanzu. Tsarin cire mulkin mallaka ya baiwa Faransa damar ci gaba da yin tasiri a Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka, tare da kiyaye yanayin tasirinta na gargajiya.

“Ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin Faransa da shiga tsakani a nahiyar na daga cikin dangantakar da ke da tushe tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai na siyasa. Wannan ya haɗa da ɗimbin ƴan ƙasar Faransa da ƴan Faransa masu takardun zama wasu ƙasashen da wakilcin diflomasiyya mai yawa da kuma amfani da kuɗin CFA franc.” in ji Farfesa Chafer

Farfesan ya ƙara da cewa bayan siyasa, “Faransa tana daraja muradunta na tattalin arziki a yammacin Afirka da tsakiyar Afirka. Wannan ya hada da saka hannun jari a fannin mai daga (Gabon da Jamhuriyar Kongo da Gulf of Guinea) da uranium daga Nijar da cinikin koko da kofi a (Ivory Coast) da ayyuka daban-daban a fadin yankin.”

“Kasashen Afirka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye yaran harshen Faransanci a matsayin harshen duniya, musamman a cikin harshen Francophonie. Faransa na kallon wannan a matsayin muhimmin abu a duniyar da matsayinta ke fuskantar kalubale daga kasashe masu tasowa kamar China da Indiya da Brazil.

“Hakazalika kasancewar sojojin Faransa na da nasaba da muradunta na manufofi na siyasa na yanki. A cikin yanayi mai fa’ida a duniya, ta dauki wannan kasantuwar da dangantakar kut da kut da manyan kasashe a matsayin muhimmin abu don kiyaye matsayinta a matsayinta na mai taka rawa a Afirka. Tana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da matsayinta na dindindin a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman a lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan al’amuran tsaro a Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka.” in ji Farfesan.

A ra’ayin Charfer, “Wannan kasantuwar tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da kujerar din-din-din na Faransa a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya – Faransa ta kasance tana taka muhimiyyar rawa lokacin tattaunawa kan batutuwan tsaro a yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka a MDD ko kuma ga kasashen duniya.

Zanga-zangar korar sojojin Faransa

A cikin shekarun 1990, mawakin reggae ɗan kasar Ivory Coast, Alpha Blondy ya bayyana kiran ficewar sojojin Faransa daga Afirka a cikin wakarsada “Rundunar sojojin Faransa, ku tafi.” Wannan ya nuna farkon yunkurin neman samun yancin kai a yankin.

Duk da haka, Dr. Bakary Sambe, darektan Cibiyar Timbuktu a Dakar, ya bayyana cewa, “kasancewar sojojin Faransa sun samo asali ne don yaƙi da ta’addanci, wanda ya fara da Operation Serval daga baya Barkhane bisa bukatar kasashen Afirka. Manufar farko ita ce ta yaki da ta’addanci, amma abin takaici, kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda sun yawaita, wanda ke nuna gazawa ta wannan hanyar.”

Bugu da ƙari kuma, Farfesan ya ce “shakku sun bayyana game da mahimmancin dabarun kasancewar sojojin Faransa. Wasu jawabai da ka’idojin ƙulla makirci sun nuna cewa wannan kasancewar na iya jawowa ko kuma dagula barazanar ta’addanci a nahiyar ba da gangan ba.”

“yayin da masu ilimi mai karfi ke karuwa kan mulki, na yi imanin cewa a zamanin mulkin mallaka na yau, ana ƙara kallon kasancewar sojoji a matsayin kayan tarihi na baya. in ji Dokta Bakary Sambe.

Wannan ra’ayi ya haifar da fafatawa da kasancewar sojoji a Mali da Burkina Faso da Nijar, tare da yiyuwar kasancewar wadannan abubuwan na iya raguwa ko bacewa.

A cewar Tony Chafer, “ba wai sojojin Faransa ne kawai ke barin kasashen Sahel ba, har ma da MINUSMA ta janye daga Mali. Gwamnatin Mali ta nemi taimako daga kungiyar Wagner ta Rasha domin magance matsalar tsaro da ke kara kamari.”

“Sai dai rashin zuwan sojojin Faransa da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar Mali ya sanya damuwa kan sa ido kan ayyukan sojojin Mali da kawayenta na kungiyar Wagner.”

Chafer ya yi nuni da cewa “akwai tabarbarewar tsaro a tsakanin jama’a da kuma karuwar take hakin bil’adama bayan janyewar Barkhane da rage yawan dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.”

Ya kara da cewa “aikin Wagner na farko a kasar Mali kan goyon bayan gwamnatin sojojin Mali ne, ba kan inganta tsaron bil’adama na al’ummar kasar.”

“Yayin da Operation Serval (2013 zuwa 2023) da Barkhane (2014 zuwa 2022) ba su inganta yanayin tsaro na Mali ba, kuma mai yiwuwa ma ya kara ta’azzara lamarin, Chafer ya ce kasancewarsu da na sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na da wani tasiri na dakile kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai. To sai dai kuma bayan tafiyar tasu, wannan matakin ya bace, wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewar harkokin tsaro a kasar ta Mali da ma yankin baki daya”

A cewar Chafer, ficewar sojojin Faransa da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na iya kara ruruta wutar rikicin da ake yi tsakanin sojojin Mali da ‘yan tawaye, lamarin da ka iya rura wutar rikicin masu kaifin kishin Islama a kasar.

Tuni dai kungiyoyi daban-daban masu alaka da Al-Qaeda da kuma kungiyar IS ke rike da muhimman yankuna.

Ban da wannan kuma, ana ci gaba da takun-saka tsakanin kungiyar ‘yan tawayen Azawad (CMA) da ke arewacin kasar Mali da kuma sojojin mulkin sojan kasar, ya haifar da fargaba kan dorewar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Algiers da kuma yiwuwar sake barkewar yaƙin da aka fara tun a shekara ta 2012, Charfer ya ƙara da cewa.

Wanne zaɓi ne ya rage wa kasashen Afirka?

A halin da ake ciki a yanzu mai sarkakiya da tabarbarewar yanayin siyasa, Dr. Bakary Sambe ya yi imanin cewa, Afirka na bukatar sake duba hanyarta ta gaba da makoman ta.

Yana mai ba da shawarar cewa dole ne kasashen Afirka su fita daga tsarin da ake da su, musamman abin da ya shafi tsaro.

Dokta Sambe ya yi nuni da cewa, dogaro da kasancewar sojojin kasashen waje har ma da batun samar da tsaro a karkashin kasa, wadanda suka shafi yancin kai, bai yi tasiri ba.

Wannan tsarin ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce da gazawa, musamman a yankin tsakiyar Sahel wajen yaƙi da ta’addanci.

Ganin cewa kiraye-kirayen kare kai ko kungiyoyin sa-kai kamar Wagner ba su kwantar da barazanar ta’addanci ba, musamman ma a bayyane a hare-haren da ake ta kai wa a Mali (inda a shekarar 2022 aka kai hare-haren ta’addanci mafi muni), Dr. Sambe ya ba da shawarar wata hanya ta daban.

Ya ba da shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a tara albarkatu da ƙwarewa.

Maimakon dogara ga kasashen yammacin duniya ko kungiyoyin sa kai, yana ba da shawarar cewa kasashen Afirka su daidaita tare da kunna hanyoyin tsaro da ake da su, kamar wadanda ECOWAS da Tarayyar Afirka suka gabatar, gami da Standby Forces.

Dr. Sambe ya jaddada cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci a hada wadannan rundunonin a kasashen Afirka da kuma hada kai a matakin ECOWAS da na Tarayyar Afirka don kafa rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda aka dade tana ganin zabin jiran aiki.

Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin hadin kai tsakanin yankuna domin al’amura irin na Boko Haram sun wuce kasashen waje kuma suna bukatar hadin kai.

Dr. Sambe ya karkare da ba da shawarar cewa karuwar yawan matasa masu fafutuka da kuma tsarin mulkin mallaka na haifar da kalubale ga Faransa, wanda zai iya bukatar sake farfado da kasancewarta tare da yin la’akari da wani sauyi na tsarin da take bi a Afirka.